Equal in the workplace for men and women Essay

First of all, I find it imperative to emphasize the characteristics that make women and men so different. It’s more than obvious that by nature’s default, women and men were given different features. In fact, people are having their own particularities that make each individual unique. Only known facts so far, but what I need to say is that these natural differences can’t be allowed to be the reason of social discrimination. And if the education system has become more and more efficient, providing women the opportunity to learn and specialize in many fields, statistics still say that the number of excellent specialists is smaller for women than for men. But we must ask ourselves why this is happening. Could women be less native gifted? Or could it be the social pressure that doesn’t allow them to express themselves? Or may the statistics research have been made by the men who do not wish to lose their supremacy? It’s difficult to answer. And even if women have better scores when it comes to school, men are always ranked better and have a higher prestige. For example, a male engineer is often more appreciated than a female engineer. Next, work is still discriminating for the two sexes, even if the discrimination is not an official one. These inequalities are also present in the private life, as women are the victims of a pervert social progress. For example, even if women are more independent in their couple life, there will be more single and divorced women due to that. One of them could be the fact that working women don’t have time for a successful private life. Another reason could be the fact that some men feel intimidated by some women’s qualities and can’t stand being inferior to them. At the same time there is a fragile compatibility between motherhood and career and the family policies that exist encourage women to give up working for a domestic way of living. This way, women find themselves forced to give up their independence. But even a family life without having children means compromise to women. It’s natural for the women who have a full-time job not to have the strength to do all that housewives do. The woman’s duties at home are more numerous than the men’s, but at the same time, the equality between women and men  force them to work the same time and way at their jobs. This situation is due to the fact that there are still a lot of men who think in the terms of the patriarchate system. There are also men who treat women socially right, but this situation isn’t quite the happiest, as they somehow forget their manners or act thinking something like: † If we’re equal and we do our own laundry, why should I hold her coat or open the door for her?!† This is also an abnormal situation. While in the first case the problem was that women were equal to men only when it came to work, in the second one the issue is about the equality that takes away women’s right of being respected as women. Women have entered the workforce and have risen in the ranks, but they still haven’t become male clones. Indeed, men and women can be just as different in the professional world as they are in their personal lives. What executives are just beginning to understand is that these differences can be great for business. Women and men are not equal in the workplace. The differences between constitutions In general, men are more interested in objects and things rather than people and feelings. They like doing things by themselves is a symbol of efficiency, power and competence. A women value love, communication, beauty and relationships. A woman’s sense of self is defined through their feelings and the quality of their relationships. They spend much time supporting, nurturing and helping each other. They experience fulfillment through sharing and relating. Opportunities for promotion I will tended to promote more men than women. I would even generally given men higher salaries. Why? Am I sexist? Do men do a better job? The answer is a resounding no to both. Actually, it is mostly women’s fault. They are too shy and simply don’t ask for raises or promotions as often as men do. Most bosses won’t fire you for saying you’d like to move ahead. Very often bosses don’t even think about who should be advanced and who shouldn’t. They’re busy juggling too many things. You have to sell them on the idea of promoting you. Gender Discrimination Although there are regulations within the workplace there is still discrimination. Women are facing discrimination in their income, unemployment and occupational distribution. Women’s salaries average only 72-88% to men’s salaries. Many types of discrimination in the workplace are partly to blame for the wage gap. Allocate discrimination describes the phenomenon that women are differentially allocated to occupations and establishments that pay lower wages. Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is a clear form of gender discrimination based on sex, a manifestation of unequal power relations between men and women. An employer forcing an employee to perform sexual favors in exchange for some reward or to avoid negative consequences. Women should not use overt sexuality to get ahead. Occasional mild flirting may have its place, but to be taken seriously, focus on business. Look professional and attractive but not sexy. The same goes for men. Guys who dress too flashily likewise aren’t taken seriously, except in the entertainment world. Women and men are equal in the workplace Equal opportunity in education In the modern world, female and male have equal opportunity for education. Therefore, the knowledge of women will not less than men even more than men. So now in the society, there have a lot of women university graduates. In the past, most of the engineers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen are men while tailors, nurses and teachers are women. The principle are does not to be change. But now they have equal opportunity for education and knowledge so the careers of engineers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen are no longer for mens’ world and women can be also as good in these occupations than men even better than men. Hence, women have an ability to complete with men in the workplace. More careful, calm and conscientious More of the employer prefer to hire women in the work, especially in calculation field because women have more careful, calm and conscientious. Most of the men are more impatient, they do not pay attention to details. As long as there is something get wrong they will feel very irritable. So man’s patience will be less than women. When you cannot deal the things calmly,  the thing will getting more complicated. Therefore, woman’s carefulness, calmness and conscientious will better than man. Mentally strong Women must have strong mental to handle their work. That is because, in the work place they need to challenge with men. They need to become a super woman to secure their ability, position and a lot of pressure from the workplace. When they go back home, they need to change their mental to become a loving mother and gentle wife. In addition to, they need to do a lot of housework and take care about their family. And they do not put any pressure to home from the workplace and do not vent pressure to their family. So women need have strong mental than men to handle it. That is why, women can equal with men in the workplace. Entrepreneurs in business Nowadays, many women have an ability to earn money and be independent in the competitive society. Women have rely on their own ability, interpersonal relationships, knowledge and effort to be a successful entrepreneurs in their own business.

Problems posed by ‘cybercrimes’

Cyber crime is defined as those crimes involving abuse of electronic media or the information contained in it by influencing the computers functioning or the functioning of its system to the detriment of other individuals/organizations. The emerging information technology trends have seen has seen increased use of computers across the globe. This rapid expansion in terms of information communication technology capability to transmit bulk of information has seen enormous transmission across the internet and computers daily.With this increased transmission there has emerged a new twist in criminal activities. In addition it has created window for perpetration of harmful activities by criminal organization. Another fundamental twist arising from internet and computer usage is intellectual appropriation. The emergence of such crimes being committed against computers, and the corresponding information in computers is gradually shifting attention towards the threats posed by cyber crimes. This is coupled by the anonymity of such crimes as well as the less aware population being preyed upon.The camouflaging nature of such crimes thus presents new challenges to the law enforcement agency due to the inevitable need to transform in response to this changing criminal landscape. In addition lack of proper legal structures and legislations have condemned businesses and the respective governments to there own discretion in protecting themselves against cyber crime. Such measures employed include the technical measures aimed at securing their systems. However, this is not enough to secure the existing cyber space from criminals.There is an additional need for application of the law in fighting this emerging menace. This paper will analyze the various types of cybercrimes, the problems they pose to the law enforcement agencies and in conclusion analyze the sufficiency of the cyber crimes laws in Australia in dealing with the problems posed by cyber crimes. Understanding the pr oblems that cyber crime pose to the modern nations requires a deeper understanding of the various faces that such crimes take.Cyber crimes in different forms which include; denial of service (DoS), identity theft, stalking, piracy, pornography, hacking, unauthorized modification, viruses, unauthorized copying, credit card crime, extortion, phishing, spoofing, cyber defamation and salami attack among others. Denial of service involves such acts by criminals aimed at flooding of victim’s network bandwidth of overloading of a victims mailbox with spam thus denying the victim access to his entitled services accessibility/provision.Unlike the early days DoS where simple tools generated and sent attack packets fro one source to another external source, such attacks have transformed to incorporate use of attacks from single source to multiple destinations as well as multiple sources to single destinations. However, the most recent development which involves use of self propagating w orms has increasingly created a new twist to reaction to such attacks. Hacking on the other hand has emerged as a regular crime as technology continues to advance.Hacking basically involves illegal computer systems intrusion as no permission is sought from the users/owner of the intruded system. Most of hacking is often attributed to teenagers as well as young adults. Hacking is often considered an art of exploration by computer technology buffs who engage in computer exploration rather than being intent on committing crime. The hackers often use hacking as a venue to displaying their skills and not as a tool of harming others.Virus dissemination on the other hand involves release of malicious software’s that often attach themselves to the existing software application resulting into a range of system detriments including system retardation and information sending among others. Such include; worms and Trojan horse among others. Pornography on the other hand has emerged as a s uccessful product in e-commerce that often applies deceptive techniques in its marketing most common being the mouse trapping technology.However, the ease of accessing such cites even to children is increasingly raising concern. Internet relays chat servers have likewise emerged as suitable avenues for criminal meetings from anywhere in the world. Hackers too are known to use such sites in discussing of their various exploits and sharing of information on the same. In addition Pedophiles have been known to use such sites in luring of children to their activities. Such avenues have thus presented avenues for increased criminal activities and planning.Credit card fraud has also increasingly grown more especially when the card’s numbers are used in unsecured electronic transaction resulting into the credit card numbers being stolen by hackers who end up misusing the cards through owner impersonation. Such fraudsters have also been known to use advanced techniques in duplication of credit cards. An emerging trend has also emerged where the confidential data of companies is illegally copied with the aim of extorting huge sums of money from the company.Phishing has also emerged with the rising of technology where information confidential to account holders in financial institutions is pulled out through deceptive ways. Spoofing on the other hand involves use of one computer in assuming another computer’s identity. Another form of cyber crime involves circumstances where defamatory messages are posted on the internet regarding an individual. Likewise stalking has emerged as a form of crime where the criminals trace individuals using the messages they use within the chat rooms.Salami attacks have on the other hand used to perform crime acts that involve insignificant amounts deduction from customer’s bank accounts and depositing it into their accounts. Such varied nature of cyber crimes presents with it varied challenges to the law enforcement age ncies. Latest significant form of cyber crime is the Nigerian 4-19 scheme where letters supposing presence of large amount of money in which the victim is required to help are distributed to prominent business, and professional personalities with the aim of hoodwinking them.Law enforcement agencies have had to reckon with the emergence of this new form of crime that comes with a variety of challenges in addition to its shifting landscape. Often such challenges may be classified as technical, judicial or ethical. Technical problems pose the greatest challenge to law enforcement agencies more so, on the issue of traceability more so considering the anonymous nature with which such crimes are perpetrated. It is always extremely cumbersome to locate the IP address from which such crime occur.Under such cases the criminals at times use other persons IP address to connect to a third party who then is unable to identify the actual source of the crime. Such connections are done using proxie s with socks4 and socks5 proxies often used by criminals. Often criminals are known to resource proxies through use of machines belonging to innocent and unaware users. Such present a challenge to law enforcement agencies in their quest to track down cyber criminals.Criminals are also known to use fast-flux networks in making of website resistant to firewall website filters and any attempts at law agencies to track them down. Such criminal activities always direct attempts to access the IP address to some arbitrary Zombie machine. Convicting of cyber criminals upon arrest may also prove cumbersome due to lack of evidence in such instances that the criminal has encrypted his/her computers data. This thus presents the challenge of obtaining evidence even in such circumstances where the criminal has been positively identified.In addition tracking down such crimes in order to gain crucial evidence is difficult considering that the criminal activity’s traces disappear as soon as t he connection is broken such a challenge may also be attributed to the over-reliance exhibited by law enforcement agencies on ISP’s rather engaging in a day to day co-ordination with the providers as this would enhance quick tracking responses. Ignorance also plays a major role in inhibiting the attempts by law enforcement agencies to fight cyber crime.Most of such crime often goes unreported as ether the victims are unaware that the activity may be classified as criminal or by mere lack of information. Large institutions like banks are also known for failing to report such incidence with the aim of protecting their public image from getting distorted. Other cases are only brought to light after a considerable period of time has elapsed and any evidence that would have aided prosecution has been lost. The digital technology as well as computing convergence has changed the ways of life.Unprecedented criminal opportunities have emerged with some unforeseeable criminal activitie s becoming a reality. This comes with the need for prosecutors to possess effective knowledge to deal with these emerging crimes. Appropriate training of the relevant law enforcement agencies to meet the competencies exhibited by such criminals is also a fundamental issue. Most countries, more so the underdeveloped countries lack effectively trained personnel to counter the activities of the criminals.The moral underpinning of cyber crime is also bound to pose a challenge to the law enforcement agencies as their action aimed at reacting to the same may be interpreted as a human right violations. Such may include arbitrary searches in quick response to an ongoing connection which may be interpreted as a search without warrant. On the other seeking a search warrant may provide adequate time for the perpetrator to break connection before identification.Jurisdiction problems likewise remain a major challenge to the law enforcement agencies in fighting of cyber crime. Cyber crime is know n to take a transnational perspective across various countries borders. The fundamental issue then arising is the issue of sovereign jurisdiction. In USA V Griffiths, the question of dual criminality was raised and the consequent requirement for existence of the same to allows criminal extradition.While one country may have already recognized a respective cyber offense as constituting a criminal offense, the other may have not. The resultant effect then would allow a criminal to operate from one given country without fear of facing legal action and harming victims of another country. The cases clearly illustrated the extent to which judicial barriers may hinder law enforcement agencies from effectively performing their duty and apprehend such criminals.In R v BODEN the existing legal provisions proved insufficient to sustain prosecution of Mr. Boden resulting to his release. In addition the question as to who holds jurisdiction likewise presents an obstacle to law enforcement agenci es in fighting cyber crime. When a criminal commits the crime in one country but it affects an individual in another country, there exist no clear legislations that prescribe the country on whose laws such an individual should face prosecution.The major jurisdictional problems facing law enforcement agencies in fighting cybercrime can be summarized as being the lack of harmonized rules in qualifying offences as cyber crimes within various states legal structures, lack of laws empowering investigative agencies in various states capabilities to trail crime across the borders and lastly inadequacy of laws allowing international cooperation to allow cross border prosecution. In the book â€Å"Underground† by Dreyfus a true story about an underground computer group threat predated the internet for more than ten years is narrated.The group was accused of having hacked into secure systems including; the Citibank, the pentagon NASA, NATO among others. It took several raids by both th e federal police and the police agencies to bring down the group. The group was subsequently brought to trial under the telecommunications act of 1991which was cited as outlining the legal proceedings surrounding cyber crimes. The penalty levied on the four who hacked major secured websites has been subject to criticism more so regarding the weight of the sentence in relation of the magnitude of the crime committed.The crimes if physical would have otherwise been considered dangerous and would have attracted sever sentence. This once again puts into spotlight the effectiveness of the Australian laws in dealing with such crimes. The question arising then was whether or not these regulations are sufficient enough to curb the cyber crimes menace. The latest bill on anti money laundering offers stiffer penalties accompanied with possibility of long term imprisonment thus meting out proportional penalties which could have a deterrent effect on such crimes.The 1991 telecommunication act i ncorporated section 74 and 76 criminal code of Australia in illustrating the issue of carrier and data. The legislation describes carrier and data considered property of the Australian commonwealth. The law includes data originating from commonwealth computers as well as data into the commonwealth computers as constituting carrier and data within the section definition. Unauthorized access to commonwealth computers is classified as criminal under section 76(b)-1 with section 76(b)-2 describing what qualifies as unauthorized access.Section 76(b)-3 expounds further to deal with acts that impeded, destroy or after data. Section 76(D) on the other hand emphasizes the on the mode of entry while section 76(e) specifies the prescribed punishment for individuals who contravene the provisions of the aforementioned sections. Unlike the previous cases where creative adaptation was applied in trying to deal with new crimes, the act currently addresses specific cases of computer crimes. For inst ance in the 1980’s the reported cases faced difficulties regarding whether or not legislation on theft could be applied to computer hackers.In the rulings the court held that information was not property and thus incapable of being stolen. Based on this, Gordon Hughes at one point suggested that hacking of computers could not be considered to constitute an act of theft. However, the telecommunication act, 1991 prescribes specific clauses that handle such cases. Section 76 of the act not only addresses the issue of unauthorized access and illegal copying, but goes further to include resulting damages of such access as constituting a criminal offense.Another milestone made by the Australian laws in fighting cyber crime is evidenced by the Victorian state parliament’s amendment of the 1958 Crimes Act top cater for cyber stalking crimes. The act caters addressing cyber stalking eliminating the cumbersome need for proof of a offenders conduct is such circumstance where the offered meant harm. The legislation goes along way in solving the burden of proof shouldered on law enforcement agencies in addition to the fact that unlike its predecessors it offers provisions for extraterritorial jurisdictions.It is important to note the burden of proving evidence that an offender was stalking was quite cumbersome given the fact that the evidence would disappear as soon as the communication was broken. However, with this new law an offender is considered to have engaged in a criminal by virtue of having meant harm in his/her activity. The cyber crime act has in addition addresses damages and computer related offenses offering more extensive approaches. It was formulated in line with THE recommendations of the Model Criminal Code officer’s committee.E-commerce has also been on the rise to more so in Australian and USA. The number of internet banking service being offered is constantly on the rise. The Australian government to deal with fraud related issues in this area has a series of legislations that control such operations. Such include; the proceeds of crime act 1987 which has the effect of obligating financial institutions to maintain all transactions records for future references, the payment systems regulation, 1998 within borrows a lot from the Wallis report.The Wallis legislation establishes three key regulators of e-commerce namely; The Reserve Bank of Australia, The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority and the Australian Securities and Investments Commissions. Such emerging legislations in Australia have had the effect of sealing some of the loopholes that would have let such crime activities go unpunished like the DPP v SUTCLIFFE, the magistrate’s court considering the trans-boundary nature of the crime in question, considered it as not being in apposition to effectively handle the matter.The Victorian Supreme Court’s decision however in effect came in to redeem the situation to an extent by establishin g jurisdiction of the court. Nonetheless the applicability of the crimes act 1958 still posed a challenge to the court in its examination of the reasons that made stalking a criminal offense. This still remains a challenge as even the 2003 amendment in its section 6(3) still makes specific to such cases with regard to limitations of the courts in the light of the individuals rights.The cases essentially reflected some of the hurdles provided for by the law in the fight against cyber crimes. While the Australian law has made major milestone in dealing with cybercrime within its territory, trans-national cyber crime still remains a challenge. In US v Griffiths, for instance the Australian legislations allowed for extradition of a suspect to face charges in the USA, however, the same cannot be said of other countries whose citizens commit crimes against Australian systems.Most countries still lack legislations that would provide grounds for such extraditions. This step was inline with both the international and the European conventions on cyber crimes which stressed the need for nation’s cooperation and unity in the fight against this vice. The convention just like the Australian laws undertook an extensive elaboration of the various forms of cyber crimes emphasizing the need for the member states and other signatories to develop legislation on the same.Unlike the early 1980’s where the legislation focused on criminalizing unauthorized access to computer systems without considerations of the inadequate investigative authority and penalties, recent reforms in Australia have taken a more realistic approach to safeguard computer systems integrity having acknowledged their centrality and commercial value. The cyber crimes act offers the much needed national model for legal response to cyber related offenses. The act possesses transnational aspects as constituted in the European Council Cyber Crime Convention.This allows expanded jurisdictional scope. Th e Australian cyber laws adequately prepares it to respond to the emerging cyber crimes more so considering the larger extra-territorial jurisdiction which recognizes both multijurisdictional dimension presented in Australia and overseas jurisdiction. Laws expanding on search warrant and conduction of covert surveillance have additionally had the impact on facilitating gathering of evidence. In general the Australian legislations provide adequate tools in dealing with the cyber crime menace.

Mircobiology research assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mircobiology research assignment - Essay Example Logging, whether legal or illegal, causes much deforestation. It has the capability of displacing certain microorganisms in a particular habitat. There is mutual existence in the forest between microorganisms and other species but this relationship has been altered due to deforestation creating some occurrences of new infective diseases and the re-emergence of the old pathogens with greater resistance and impunity. Some of man's activities contribute in decimating forests. Aside from logging, man clears land for agricultural food and non-food crops. Other factors that complement rapid deforestation include fuelwood gathering, charcoal making, mining, clearing of large tracts of forest ground for human habitation, and clearing of forest floor for water storage and dams facilities. With such activities, man has also created some man-made sites, holes, patches with stagnant water favoring some insect vectors. Such forest disturbance could benefit more the insect vectors. In Tanzania, for instance, malaria carrier Anopheles gambiaae found a nice breeding ground in shallow patches, pits, sewers, and holes resulting from deforestation. In 1960 in the Amazonian Brazil, malaria was declared as under control. After two decades, the disease however, re-appeared in greater proportion. Health authorities cited some factors that contributed to the new outbreak: human habitation into the rainforest, which provided the insects with new non-immune hosts, and the resulting man-made breeding sites with standing water. The same incident was observed along the TransAmazon Highway where more people contracted malaria due to increasing immigration and forest settlement. 3 Before deforestation, forest floor are naturally littered with organic layers (leaves, branches, and the like). This makes it quite acidic. Upon clearing or deforesting, the same piece of forest floor, now with man-made pools, is penetrated by sunlight making it warmer and at the same time rendering it neutral in pH. This condition greatly favors certain mosquito larvae to develop and multiply in enormous number. To have malaria, three conditions must be met: the presence of human hosts; the sufficient number of malaria transmitting anopheline mosquitoes; and, the favorable conditions such as temperature and humidity, for the complete development of the parasite in the infected mosquitoes. Some apparently healthy blood transfusion donors may also transmit the disease if parasites are not fully eradicated in him. So far, four species of malarial parasites are recognized as pathogenic to man: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. They produce different clinical fever symptoms. Malaria has an interesting story. The early Romans thought that the disease was caused by foul air rising from the marshes. And so they drained the marshes to reduce the breeding places of mosquitoes. In so doing, unintentionally, they also reduced the occurrence of malarial infestation.

Emotional, Behavorial, and Physical Disabilities Essay

Emotional, Behavorial, and Physical Disabilities - Essay Example In such case, such student would need constant monitoring and care. Finally, brain concussion or injury may cause traumatic brain disability to students. Effective ways of teaching the students with all these disabilities is a significant way of helping them build their future. On the other hand people should take the initiative to use various ways of helping these students create personal self-esteem. Thirdly, the educators should teach the rest of the students without the mentioned disabilities on how to respect and respond to their fellow colleagues who are disabled (Wishart, Diane; Jahnukainen, Markku, 2010). Effective teaching Exceptional students are the students who experience difficulties in their leaning and whose education performance needs various modifications in instruction and curriculum. They tend to experience various difficulties in various life skills such as socialisation, learning and vocational. Different disabled children exhibit different learning abilities. Fo r instance, some them will perform better will others would require a more repetitive and structured environment. This would enable such students to remember and use these different skills in their future lives. Education of students with the disabilities of emotional and behavioural disorders, health impairments, traumatic brain injuries and physical disabilities seems to be challenging and difficult if various proper teaching strategies are not put in place. It is important to understand each of the students’ disability before an educator determines any of the best teaching strategies. Some of them tend to struggle with their emotions and behaviour and in such cases; they are unable to control themselves before taking any action (Casebolt, Kevin,Hodge & Samuel,2010). By... Exceptional students are the students who experience difficulties in their leaning and whose education performance needs various modifications in instruction and curriculum. They tend to experience various difficulties in various life skills such as socialisation, learning and vocational. Different disabled children exhibit different learning abilities. For instance, some them will perform better will others would require a more repetitive and structured environment. This would enable such students to remember and use these different skills in their future lives. Education of students with the disabilities of emotional and behavioural disorders, health impairments, traumatic brain injuries and physical disabilities seems to be challenging and difficult if various proper teaching strategies are not put in place. It is important to understand each of the students’ disability before an educator determines any of the best teaching strategies. Some of them tend to struggle with the ir emotions and behaviour and in such cases; they are unable to control themselves before taking any action (Casebolt, Kevin,Hodge & Samuel,2010). By giving such students to explain their disabilities and how they are affected would help the student. In that case, this is one of the teaching strategies to such students. Conversely, the teacher should give them a chance to express their own opinions on how their case would be taken upon in the class. Additionally, the education of such student with the emotional and behavioural disabilities is occasionally interfered.

Unit 7 discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 discussion - Coursework Example In this epistemological search for knowledge, Descarte starts with doubt, saying that he wants to discover if there is anything that is beyond doubt or indubitable. Using the subtle reasoning of metaphysics while investigating the nature of reality he doubts all things related to the senses and even mathematical facts. This leads to his derivation that if he doubts, that means that he is thinking, and if he is thinking, it follows logically that he must be or â€Å"must exist†, that is cogito ergo sum in Latin. According to Gillespie (2006) the sequence of thoughts from which Descartes derives his first principle is in the form of a dialogue Descartes analyses that since thinking or cogito is clear and distinct, it follows that the concept has to be true. Hence, he states that his conceptualization of God as a perfect being can only arise from the fact that God is a perfect being, which in turn proves that God exists. This consequently leads to the conclusion that the world must exist, since God is not a deceiver, thus coming full circle from the philosopher’s initial doubt regarding the existence of the world and all things in it (Kenny 1968). The conclusion drawn by Descartes that the world must exist as a fact, a reality, is based on the establishing the existence of God. However, this is seen by SEP (2006) as a medieval reliance on a traditional distinction between the essence and existence of a thing. It is argued that the conceptualisation of God as a perfect being only proves the essence of God, and not His existence. Thus, the essence of something can be determined separately from knowledge of its existence. On the same lines, this does not lead to proving the existence of the world. The first meditation stating doubt regarding the existence of everything is beneficial in that it helps the reader to get rid of

Emily Elizabeth Dickenson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emily Elizabeth Dickenson - Essay Example Reading Dickinson is not an intellectual enterprise, it is an emotional journey. Her poetry leads not to a finite conclusion, but invites to further rumination. This writer is thus inclined to explore the thesis articulated by Bray of Dickinson as visionary. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1830, Emily Elizabeth Dickinson lived the life of a recluse, seldom leaving the house or entertaining visitors; her aversion to public life was such that she attended only one year’s schooling at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, before returning home out of extreme homesickness. The few people she did come in contact with, however, profoundly influenced her thoughts and poetry, particularly the Reverend Charles Wadsworth. Many critics speculate that Wadsworth was the object of Dickinson’s â€Å"heartsick flow of verses† for the person she called â€Å"my closest, earthly friend†. It is not certain that the Reverend was Emily’s unrequited love is, however, because it might have equally been Massachusetts Supreme Court Judge Otis P. Lord, and Samuel Bowles, the editor of the Springfield Republican. Some even believe that this romantic inspiration may even have been Susan Gilbert Dickinson, wife of Emily ’s brother, Austin, by virtue of the many poems and letters dedicated by Emily to her – a matter to which feminist admirers of her work were quick to attribute her unique and eccentric writing style. Throughout her life, Dickinson’s siblings, Austin and Lavinia, were her constant friends and intellectual companions. Other influences in her poems were the seventeenth century English Metaphysical poets and her conservative Christian upbringing. Most biographies on Dickinson describe her work as having been undertaken in isolation and complete privacy; in truth, Dickinson undertook a lively and active correspondence with a good number of friends, among whom was her sister-in-law Susan Gilbert, literary

Topic on Discrimination - 'Critically analyse pay related gender Essay

Topic on Discrimination - 'Critically analyse pay related gender inequalities between men and women in the workplace under the E - Essay Example Management of gender diversity has a great importance in modern workplaces. Since the Industrial Revolution, women have suffered a lot due to gender bias and have not been able to receive their rightful share. Their suffering has come both in terms of discriminatory behaviour and through unjust pay scales. It was only a matter of time for this issue of inequality to be given attention at higher levels i.e. the Government.1 Forces were set in motion in the early 2000s when pay audits were rendered obligatory for the public sector employers while they remained voluntary for the private sector employers.2 The involvement of public sector has been somewhat fortuitous as there have been many developments in equal pay litigations. The UK Parliament passed a law called Equal Pay Act 1970 according to which men and women were not to be treated in a less favourable manner in terms of pay and work conditions. This Act was merged in the Equality Act 2010. Despite the enactment of a law and othe r obligations, there continue to be some significant gender pay gaps. In 2010, the Office for National Statistics recorded that the difference between the median hourly pay of full-time males and females was 10.2 percent while the gap for all employees was 19.8 per cent. An even wider gap was observed in the private sector where it was 19.8 percent for the median hourly pay of full-time males and females and 27.5 percent for all employees3. It is unfair to hold the employers responsible for this gap entirely. There are also certain other factors that contribute to the generation of this gap. There are particular social structures in which there is an automatic occupational segregation, the work of women is undervalued and the family responsibilities are divided unequally. Yet, these factors are only a partial explanation of this gap. There continues to be a significant amount of discriminatory behaviour by the employers which is why the law is continuing to evolve through case law. While focussing on equal pay, it is to be kept in mind that ‘equal pay’ does not address any grievances that arise among the members of similar sex. It addresses all the terms and conditions of the contract of employment. It is not just that men and women, who hold similar positions in a workplace, must be paid equally; it further delves deeper to ensure that men and women are paid equally for the similar amount of work. Equality Act 2010 was brought in force in 2010 and it replaced Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Race Relations Act 1976, Disability Discrimination Act 1995, Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003, Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 and the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 20064. This law has been achieved by following a series of steps. There have been a number of cases of direct discrimination that lead to the formulation of principles regarding discrimination. In order to determine whether a woman’s te rms of employment are not less favourable than a man’s, the courts consider three requirements: i. Like Work This concept has a very wide view. It is defined as ‘work of the same or a broadly similar nature’. This concept is there so that the courts and Employment Tribunals take good care to determine that the work done by men and women has an overall similarity for which they are being paid equally.

Music essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Music - Essay Example This album created a better environment for other artists who we cherish today. It is through such albums that the musical history was laid in place. The son† Burn Baby Burn† by Rob Zombie an Alice Cooper , from this album got a nomination to The Grammy Awards. This is an annual event where highly rated songs are awarded. The song got an award for â€Å"Best Metal Performance†.(Hogarth .G. 35). This song is also present in Zombie’s album â€Å"Past, Present and Future â€Å". This song was also remixed by Alice Cooper and it can be obtained from â€Å"The Life and Crimes† box set. The song has a span of about two minutes and forty five seconds and it has been featured in many films, among them †Rosemary’s Baby†. Music had widely spread in these days (Tilley .A. 8)) and therefore it was appreciated though not compare ably with today’s state. It is through the efforts made by early musicians such as Padre Martini who condemned the old hymns in church claiming that they were the same one’s even in King David’s times. (Hogarth .G. 38) Music should be looked up and should not be taken for granted as advocated by many critics. It is through Chapter X that we are able to understand how music was in the past. Songs such as â€Å"Burn Baby Burn† have moral teachings that guide us in our day to day

Please see instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Please see instruction - Essay Example The author, McKinley did not do the piece just fully as required right from the title of the story for he put it as if the raped child was in the town (Roxane). He focused so much on the town and the men while forgetting who the victim was in this situation. Considering what happened, the mainly affected person was the little girl but not the men who executed that horrifying act (Roxane). In the articles, focus is on the lives of men and the town rather than our victim who suffered the worst. He quotes some responses residents of the town were relaying of how the little girl dressed like a 20-year old woman and how the mother would let her leave home to go to various quarters all alone. He also states how the men’s lives would change because they would miss school. All this tries to imply that the little child brought all on herself through her conduct so the whole story is understandable in a way (Roxane). In the article there were questions raised on where the mother was when her little girl was raped because it is believed that she should be with her child at all times. This means that incase anything bad happens, she is to blame herself for not being responsible. The author shows a sense of chauvinism because he attacked the victim’s mother but never bothered to question the father too (Roxane). The article would be better if the author would not involve the defense of the men who did it because what he did is trying to justify their actions. Since he is reporting on what happened it should focus on the victim more and how the victim found help, through justice and her healing process. The gender of the authors too brought difference in the two articles. The Times newspaper reporter wrote the article focusing so much on the defense of the boys; trying to blame the mother for being irresponsible to the victim. He does not mention the victim’s father because he too must be responsible as much as the mother should be; they are all the parents to the

Injustice Toward Women. Candide by Voltaire Essay

Injustice Toward Women. Candide by Voltaire - Essay Example Women who opposed the values of the society faced rejection and were not recognized within the populace. The purpose of focusing the study of injustice toward the woman is to emphasize that the novel will help us to develop the thesis of the study women identity from the starting point of women injustice in the society. Men claim to value and respect the dignity of women in the society, they abuse them at every opportunity. In the Novel, most of the significant female characters are raped and treated brutally by men characters this is depicted by Cunegonde who inform Candide of mistreatment during the war. In various countries, rules and laws are formulated to protect the injustice of women; although, the situation is not perfect the rules have helped to maintain women justice in society. Various human rights often do not recognize the justice rights of women around the world especially as they explain the subordination and injustices committed against women in society. Women suffer injustice in marriage laws and divorces the infidelity in the wife will always make most people to sympathize with man without tangible reasons of condemnation. As in almost all contract of marriages the husband has a substantial superiority to the wife. Thus, the injury done to his honor will be more grievous, as all effects done to a superior by inferior are more sensibly felt than those done to an inferior (Montes and Schliesser 51). The Voltaire’s novel Candide will help to discuss how injustice toward women affected the characters, and how the injustice is still significant in today’s society. The novel is full of exceptionally incident of the sexual exploitation of Women in the society, and this abuse was imposed on the three major characters old women, Cunegonde, and paquette. These characters were all raped, induced into sexual bondage that caused psychological, social, and physical problems. The victims were viewed as immoral, and many people looked down on th e victim without understanding the difficulties they had to endure. When Candide says he wants to marry Cunegonde, Maximilian refuses the marriage saying that Candide is not worthy to marry the product of generation of nobility in the society. The writer use three characters to demonstrate the extraordinary dangers that women are vulnerable and that affect the way they live in the society. Although, men really want a strong woman with outstanding virtues, many view these types of women as stubborn and bad example to society. The pressure on women’s time and the gender injustice that women face, with remarkable limited access to the productive resources, have serious implication for the sustainable development in the community. According to Montes and Schliesser (53) gender injustice, occur when women face ongoing covert attempts to maintain their subordination, and when men face sustained efforts to deprive them access to necessary resources or view them as inferior gender in the society. When women face the tests to existing relations of power, and their attempts to change the injustice condition, encounters severe outcomes. For example, the male character in the novel respect the power and sexual chastity in women, but when Cunegonde tries to show her dignity by defending her right, he makes it impossible for her and other women to value such sexual chastity. When a society exists with an unjust

Baroque Period through the Romantic Age Essay Example for Free

Baroque Period through the Romantic Age Essay Social, political, or economic conditions can significantly alter the nature and meaning of art. As power shifted from the wealthy to the common man, art in Europe changed dramatically to reflect that change. During the Rococco period, art was detailed and overblown. Interior decorations- primarily furniture- were full of curving lines and organic inspiration, and paintings, â€Å"with their playful eroticism, soft colours and elegant forms† (Malyon, 1999, para. 1) were well suited to balance these rooms. Such frivolousness could only be associated with a powerful upper-class. The common man, of course, could not afford such luxurious surroundings when the main concern was putting food on the table. That this style was the style of the day clearly illustrates how the aristocracy’s desires for excess affected artists’ and craftsmen’s work. Rubens’ work during the Baroque period, with its focusing on robust, curvaceous women, seems to be bursting with life and hope. In â€Å"Portrait of Isabella Brant,† for example, Isabella has a slight smile on her face, as though she has a secret that might be a little bit funny. It’s as though she knows how important the shift of power, from the few, rich aristocrats, to the many struggling working class citizens, will be. She doesn’t appear to be a peasant, but neither is she a princess. Isabella, perhaps, had more to be laugh about than most- with the aristocracy soon becoming a target for violence, and the impoverished still limited by a lack or resources, the middle class would become the best social class to belong to! Because Rubens was a well respected citizen, (Eisler, 1996) his skillful portrayal of the working class drew attention to people, who, for the first time, had some hope of being empowered. At the same time, portraits of the aristocrats were subdued and sad-looking, as though they know their reign is nearly over. In El Greco’s â€Å"Saint Louis, King of France, and a Page,† for example, â€Å"He holds†¦ attributes of royal power in his hands†¦ but intensely gazes at the viewer with a grave, melancoly (sic) expression on his face. † (de Vergnette, n. d. ) When the lower classes finally did revolt, the Neoclassic style emerged and drew heavily on ancient Greek and Roman influences. Bust of Voltaire Without His Wig, by Jean-Antoine Houdon, and Cupid and Psyche, by Antonio Canova, are two notable examples. The human body is portrayed without garments or other adornment- rich and poor are equal without clothes on. These ancient civilizations’ famously successful (for a time) democracies must have been quite inspirational to people who had been subjugated for hundreds of years. Their standards were therefore emulated not only in the political and social world, but also in the art world. References de Vergnette, Francoise. (n. d. ) â€Å"Saint Louis, Kind of France, and a Page. † Paintings: Spanish Painting. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www.louvre. fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice. jsp? CONTENTcnt_id=10134198673226326CURRENT_LLV_NOTICEcnt_id=10134198673226326FOLDERfolder_id=9852723696500811fromDept=truebaseIndex=162bmUID=1189640373517bmLocale=en Eisler, Colin. (1996). Masterworks in Berlin: A City’s Paintings Reunited: Painting in the Western World, 1300-1914. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. artchive. com/artchive/R/rubens. html Malyon, John. (1999). â€Å"Rococco. † Mark Harden’s Artchive. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. artchive. com/artchive/rococo. html

The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction And Employee Turnover Management Essay

The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction And Employee Turnover Management Essay Judge, Timothy A. and Bono, Joyce E. (2001). Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits-Self-Esteem, Generalized, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional StabilityWith Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. This article presents results of the relationship of 4 traits: self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability (low neuroticism): with job satisfaction and job performance. Hence, it hypothesizes that: H-la: Self-esteem is positively related to job satisfaction, H-lb: Generalized self-efficacy is positively related to job satisfaction, H-lc: Internal locus of control is positively related to job satisfaction, H-ld: Emotional stability is positively related to job satisfaction. This is also an in depth study of factors affecting job satisfaction which in turn effect employee behavior and turnover. The analysis of these variables showed that each trait had a positive relationship with job satisfaction. The authors have ident ified each of these traits as the independent variable and job satisfaction as the dependent variable. Research was based on reviewing literature that defined and linked each of these traits with job satisfaction. Studies of the past 40 years wer included and data was only included from those that had a sample population of employed adults. Students, athletes and the unemployed people were left out as were special data samples like doctors, physicians etc. One point to notice in this study is their implication that satisfaction of employees is not just based on monetary terms and conditions, but stems from psychological well being and treatment of employees as well. This increases the scope of the term job satisfaction and includes variables like self-esteem and emotional stability too. Khalid , Salman and Zohaib I., Muhammad. (2010). Job Satisfaction among Bank Employees in Punjab, Pakistan: A Comparative Study. This article focuses on various variables that make up job satisfaction including work, pay, promotion, salary and recognition and discusses job satisfaction itself too. On the whole satisfaction has been taken as a dependant variable and various other factors like promotions, salary, job security, recognition, work environment etc are considered as the independent variables. The study was conducted in order to find out the level of satisfaction among Public and Private bank employees and whether factors like working hours, team spirit, work life balance, benefits, working environment and job security influenced their job satisfaction. A survey was conducted to gather data, which included a sample size of 200 people. Questionnaires were given to people in three different cities of Punjab: Lahore, Faislabad and Sialkot. Two banks from each sector were taken and included the NiB Bank, Summit Bank, Bank of Punjab and First Women Bank. Data was gathered by floating a structured questionnaire which included the Likert scale. The results show that the employees of private banks are more satisfied then those in public banks mostly due to factors resulting from fringe benefits, salary, and efficiency in work and coworker relations. This article highlights the fact that the perception of job satisfaction is greatly affected by factors including job security, benefits and recognition. Fawad H., Muhammad and Kamal, Dr. Yasir. (2009). Pay and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Analysis of Different Pakistani Commercial Banks. Although the title mentions the relation between pay and job satisfaction but this article takes into account other variables like job involvement, promotion, recognition and commitment. The research question for the study was whether pay is the major factor for job satisfaction among Pakistani bank employees. Pay not only includes the salary itself, but all other emoluments and short and long term fringe benefits. Job satisfaction has been described as a relative phenomenon which affects and employees performance and is related to how the employee responds and deals with customers. It is important hence, to measure what embodies job satisfaction. The common assumption is that a satisfied employee will deal pleasantly with customers, are more friendly and responsive as well. Salary has been taken as a dependant variable and various other factors l ike promotions, job stress, job security, learning, work environment and others are considered as the independent variables. This was a comparative study, and the questionnaires were floated in three banks: United Bank Limited, Allied Bank Limited and Standard Chartered Bank. According to the results the job satisfaction of bank officers is significantly dependent upon pay, promotion opportunities, rewards, relation with boss and coworkers. Imran M., Muhammad, Fernando G., Solomon, Ahmad Mehboob and Iqbal S., Muhammad. (2010). Examining the relationship of work life balance, job satisfaction and turnover in Pakistan. As discussed in previous articles as well, improving the quality of work life balance facilities not only helps in improving the productivity but also helps in increasing employee loyalty and job satisfaction. Organizations are striving for better performance to compete with their competitors. For this reason they are trying to retain their valued employees and are considering the issues relating to work and life. Job satisfaction and turnover intentions are the reflection of the viewpoint that employees have about their organizations in which they work. Employees generally show high levels of job satisfaction. The researchers found that the work conditions were the most influential on the job satisfaction. The work conditions included were the non-monetary characteristics of their work mainly including goo d social relationships with their colleagues ad supervisors, promotion opportunities, professional development opportunities, and participatory management strategies. The negative relationship of work life balance, job satisfaction and turnover intentions provides a guideline for the organizations that the more organizations provide better facilities to maintain the balance between the work and the non work activities the more employees will tend to remain with the same organization. Similarly the satisfied employees are the assets of any organization and they will remain with the organization. Saeed ul Hassan Chishti, Maryam Rafiq, Fazalur Rahman, M.Phil., Nabi Bux Jumani, and Muhammad Ajmal (2010).Impact of Participative Management on Employee Job Satisfaction and Performance in Pakistan. This research highlights a new variable that affects the performance of employees in Pakistan: Participative management. Participative management is especially important in todays highly competitive world to give organizations a competitive edge. The hypothesis for the research was whether there is a positive relationship between participative management and employee job satisfaction. Randhawa, Gurpreet. (2007) Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions : An Empirical Analysis. This research conducted by Ms. Gurpreet Randhawa concludes that there exists a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Turnover intentions remain a good measure to gauge actual turnover of employees. The paper collected data from 300 scientists, half of whom belonged to the National Dairy Research Institute and the remaining half from Agriculture Extension Centre. The sample selection was done through the random sampling technique and a comparative analysis was later done to measure the difference between the results of the two population samples. No significant difference was found. The research emphasizes the need to measure job satisfaction as business in todays world has changed drastically. Complexity has increased with increasing amounts of competition. Employees now have far more choices at their disposal whereas organizat ions bear significant losses with high turnover rates. Islam, Nazrul and Chandra Saha, Gour, Job Satisfaction of Bank Officers in Bangladesh. This paper studies the variables that affect job satisfaction of the bank officers in Bangladesh. The results of the study conclude that factors like salary, efficiency in work, fringe benefits, supervision quality, and coworker relations that affect job satisfaction considerably. Private bank employees were seen to be more satisfied then public sector employees as the former enjoy better salary, working environment and fringe benefits. The purpose of the study was three fold: to identify the level of job satisfaction among employees, to study how factors like job experience, age and gender affect job satisfaction and finally to measure the job satisfaction of public and private bank employees. A sample of 129 employees was used in 4 cities and nine different banks of Bangladesh. The sample was selected purposefully and was interviewed personally whereas a structured questionnaire was used to colle ct results. Azhar Sheikh, Muhammad, Qamar, ul Wusat and Iqbal, Fariha. Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Retention (A Case Study of Education and Banking Sector in Bahawalpur). As explained above, employee retention has become exceedingly important for organizations due to the increased level of competition and associated costs. This research sheds light on the HRM practices that may affect the level of job satisfaction in employees. The study relates career development opportunities, supervisor support, working environment, rewards and work-life policies to employee retention. The group under observation included the Islamia University of Bahawalpur and various banks in the same city. Employee retention was taken as the dependent variable whereas all the above mentioned factors were taken as independent variables. Observation was carried out from a sample size of 110 pople and data was collected through questionnaires. Data was analyzed using the software program SPSS an d a positive relationship was found between HRM practices and employee retention. This proves that organizations that focus on their human resource policies will have satisfied employees leading to fewer turnovers. Rizwan Saleem, Azeem Mahmood, Asif Mahmood (2010) Effect of Work Motivation on Job Satisfaction in Mobile Telecommunication Service Organizations of Pakistan. In addition to studying the impact on job satisfaction of work motivation, this article also aimed at exploring to what extent employees are satisfied with different dimensions of their job in the mobile telecommunications services of Pakistan. The extent determines their turnover rate. Velnampy (2008), in his study on job attitude and employees performance concluded that job satisfaction contains positive influence on the performance of the employees as it enhances job involvement and the higher performance also makes people feel more satisfied and committed to the organization. Herzberg (1959) has described a relationship between two variables as Job Satisfaction is the result of two kinds of factors, intrinsic and extrinsic factor. Basically he states that intrinsic factors valued the job satisfaction and extrinsic factors c ause dissatisfaction and reduce the level of job satisfaction. Another name for the extrinsic factors was hygiene factors. According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors results in the form of dissatisfaction and these were external or environmental features e.g. company policy and administration, supervision, work conditions, salary and benefits. The intrinsic factors are also called Job satisfaction has been taken as the dependent variable whereas work motivation is independent. The authors believed that motivation lead to an increase employees performance into other level and eventually the positive effect goes toward companys recital. The standard deviations in the article showed the diversity of data which indicated that there was a variety of opinions between the employees. There was a positive relationship between the motivation and job satisfaction. Overall the employees were quiet satisfied with their jobs and had their interest in their job. More than average employees are mot ivated to work for the organization and turnover rates are not high. This article gave me an overview of a specific variable, job motivation on job satisfaction and eventually employee turnover rate. It was also based on a study of two telecomm service providers which was relevant to my sector. Rana, Tariq Mehmood; Salaria, M. Rashid; Herani, Gobind M. and Amin, Mohammad (2009) Identifying Factors Playing Important Role in the Increasing Employees Turnover Rate: A Case of Telecom Industry in Pakistan. This article aimed at identifying factors that played an important role in increasing the employees turnover rate. As there is intense competition in the industry, this article examined the practices followed in the telecomm industry of Pakistan to retain employees. The results have shown that Salary, Working Environment, and Benefits are three significant factors effecting employee turnover and correlated with each other. The present study found support for an independent variable with Employee turnover. In this study the authors found significant negative correlation for Salary, Work Motivation and Benefits. High employee turnover is becoming a problem in todays corporate environment which reduces productivity and puts a stain on the organizations name. This study found that individual variables have significant impact on Employee Turnover. As Salary increases and Working Environment and Benefits are good, the turnover rate drops. For my research this article provides a detailed analysis of employee turnover rate and job satisfaction and provides useful insights.

No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Analysis

No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Analysis Shivam Gupta No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Everybody has problems, be it in their personal, social, or professional life. Some problems, however, involve all aspects of life and we are asked to choose a side. So is the issue with our fellow Americans who are facing difficulties in finding jobs. Some blame the economy and immigration while others believe that it is because of the advancement in technology. Artificial Intelligence has taken control over the entire world and has turned peoples attention to the future of their jobs. There are those who fear that robots are going to replace them, but, on the other hand, there are those who believe that the advancement of robots is going help them make life easier. However, according to some people, robots are not to be blamed for the competition in the job market. I agree with the New York Times article No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream, real issue is not robots nor the advancing technology, rather, the real problems are the politicians and the policies they have impleme nted. Although people believe that robots are taking over the job market, data shows that it isnt the case. People like Christine Lagarde, former president Barack Obama believe that the robots are the reason behind the economic pain of globalization and that the economic dislocation would come over from automation (Editorial Board 1). If this was the case, you would see surge in the Capital Investment and Labor productivity as technology increases productivity and people invest more in technology. Instead, the data from the article shows that after the initial increase in the 1996-2002, both the investment and the productivity have gone down substantially. The Usage of data in the article shows the actual happenings in the world compared to what people are saying. Automation not only substitutes human labor, former complements the latter. It is the policies that the current government fails to implement and take action which prevents workers to share the earned wealth from technology-led-growth. The case wasnt the same for the 20th century where due to automation in the farms the result was mass migration of Americans from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and there came the knowledge of using automation in high schools to prepare students for the future. Young people were taught how to use the appropriate automation. Another example was when the productivity due to automation led to vast profits in the industries, the democrats at that time made policies which support workers and helped raise their pay. Ever since the World War II happened the education has taken a drift from the current scenario and the people in power are not doing anything regarding the issue. The result of this situation is that the rich are getting richer and the la bor class getting poorer. Politicians still target the immigrants and robots for the misery that they have brought upon the middle-class families due to their own failures. To disengage the doings, the policies made need to be revived, and new ones enacted. I agree with the New York Times article No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream, real issue is not robots nor the advancing technology, rather, the real problems are the politicians and the policies they have implemented. To decrease the effects of the problem, people need to be educated in using the technology. Even though the robots have taken workers place, the reason behind is the extra spending that the employers have to do on workers compared to the negligible maintenance they have to spend on machines. You need to understand the real problem here, the people in-charge, and take action towards them in order to not be sidelined by technology. Works Cited No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream. The New York Times 20 Feb. 2017. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.

Mother Theresa Intentions Are Honorable, But She Also Causes Evil :: essays research papers

Mother Theresa Intentions Are Honorable, But She Also Causes Evil Some of the most fathomless evils in the world go unknown to people. These evils present themselves disguised as good, and may do much good, but simultaneously do evil. Ideas, things, and people may all advance evil, even if this is not what they intended. How people see the aforementioned, and the way said people's minds work, combine together to work much harm. It is assuredly not their fault, and they may not even be aware of it. For instance Mother Theresa's intentions are completely honorable and she does much good, but she also cause evil. Mother Theresa is, for all practical purposes, guaranteed sainthood. Much of what she does, and who she is, may indirectly cause things she does not intend. Some of this is the people she helps. Mother Theresa gives food needed to survive to her beneficiaries. This is unquestionably a good thing, yet it also harms the people. While their lives shall continue, they no longer know how to live. Those rescued shall become dependent on the food given them, and soon will not know how to take care of themselves. It would be far more practical to also teach them how they may help themselves, but one person cannot do all. One overwhelming influence on those that wish to help is Mother Theresa. These individuals doubtless wish to help, but for various reasons do not. When questioned, there is one response that is entirely too common, which is "I can't make a difference." Mother Theresa is a contributing factor to this response. Everyone sees this woman doing so much, they then believe they can never do the same on such a large scale. People become overwhelmed with all of the good she does, then, because they acquired the impression that they cannot come near to the legend she has become, they do nothing at all. There is at least one other place where Mother Theresa does something detrimental, that she may not be aware of. People constantly see her on news reports, movies, commercials. Mother Theresa is also written about in books, magazines, and newspapers. She allows this, for it lets her message reach many people, but this too has a corrupting effect. Until now sainthood had been a mystical and unattainable level, now it is not. It is certain that Mother Theresa shall become a saint. Such publicity becomes devoted to her that many begin to feel like they know her. Mother Theresa currently drifts somewhere between your neighbor and a favorite movie star.

Oedipus The King: Images Of Blindness :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Oedipus the King has many images of blindness, both physical and blindness of the mind. The characters surrounding these images are Oedipus and Tiresias the prophet. When the play begins Oedipus has vision and Tiresias cannot see, but by the end of the play, it is clear who can really see and who is blind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Oedipus first encounters Tiresias, the blind prophet proceeds to tell Oedipus after much pressure that Oedipus is the one who has brought the great plague down upon Thebes and that he is the murderer he has sent the residents of the city to find and cast away. Although Tiresias is visually impaired, he can still see the truth of the contingency. However, Oedipus is blind to the truth and immediately begins accusing Tiresias of being involved in a conspiracy with Creon to overthrow him as king. Oedipus casts insults at Tiresias about his blindness saying â€Å"You have no strength, blind in your ears, your reason and your eyes.† (374-375). Tiresias responds by saying that the insults Oedipus has hurled will before long come back upon him. He also tells Oedipus that what has brought him greatness is the very luck that will ruin him. Tiresias says â€Å"Blind who could see, a beggar who was rich, through foreign lands he’ll go and point before him with a stick,† (460) implying that although Oedipus can see now, the truth will eventually blind him and cause him to loose all he has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oedipus remains blind to the truth until he can deny it no longer. After hearing the testimony of the herdsman it is perfectly clear to Oedipus that he has fulfilled the prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother, in turn bringing the great misfortune about the city of Thebes. Upon discovering this, along with discovering Jocasta’s dead body, Oedipus blinds himself with the pins on her dress and shouts that his eyes â€Å"would no longer see the evils he had suffered or had done, see in the dark those he should not have seen.

The Importance of Sex Education Essays -- Children Sex Ed Youth Educ

Children and young adults today distinguish right from wrong based on their previous knowledge. The education they receive plays a major role in the way they make decisions. Sex is a controversial topic brought up frequently throughout a child's life. Based on the way it is taught, the child makes decisions that may forever change his or her life. (Sex Education That 3) Although it is often opposed, the two most essential ways children learn about sex today is the education they receive at home and at school. The relationship and behavior between children and their parents is crucial to the ways these children shape their own sexual ideas and values A child who perceives his relationship to his parents as supportive and close, is more likely to sexually behave in a way approved by his or her parents than a child brought up in an unhealthy environment. (Single-Sex Education 1) Furthermore, communication is more effective in a loving family relationship, and a child who feels loved generally feels good about his or her general outlook on sex. (Straight Talk About 56) Along with normal education, sex education must progress and grow with the individual child. Often, there is a real communication barrier between parents and children when it comes to talking about sex. (Sex Education That 2 ) The children sometimes feel awkward asking parents personal questions. In numerous situations, kids are left with many unanswered questions. A small number of adults know for sure what their kids think about sex, or do not know their son's or daughter's sexual experiences. (Choosing Virginity 68 )Parents frequently wish to talk to their children but are sometimes too ashamed or just too ignorant. Yet, adults still do not seek wa... ...fected. (Single Sex Education 5)They also argue that a million teenage girls get pregnant each year and at least half of these girls have an abortion. (Virgin Cool 71) The government hasn't yet taken its case anywhere, but will most likely in the years to come. Ultimately, it is up to the children to decide how he or she interprets the sex education of which they receive. (Straight Talk About 45) The most effective deterrents include a strong self-esteem, the ability to make informed choices, and meaningful options that give young people futures worth protecting and healthy ways to protect their identity. (Sexual Values 29) The choices they make will forever impact their lives. The controversy of sex education will, as well, forever stay the same. Whether at home or at school, children will always be faced with many tough decisions to make. (Sex Education That 45)

Bureaucratic Management

Bureaucratic management refers to a management style in which strict adherence to law and rules is emphasized, hierarchy is followed and flexibility is not tolerated but rather the following of laid down procedures. Such a style is lacking in terms of ‘enterprising’ freedom and rarely do employees produce or perform to their maximum. In this paper, the bureaucratic management style will be discussed with an aim of highlighting the main characteristics of the bureaucratic style.Secondly an effort will be made in order to establish where the bureaucratic management owes its origin from as well as what factors contributed to the development of the management style. After careful assessment of the system, the author hopes to make a balanced assessment on the appropriateness of the system as well as to briefly compare it to other management systems.As well as discussing the post-bureaucratic management, this paper will highlight the main characteristics of post-bureaucratic t radition as well as making a judgment on its suitability to today’s business and to asses whether it has replaced bureaucratic management. However in this paper neither of the management styles is supported but on the contrary the author raises pertinent issues on the characteristics identified as well as merits. According to, Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005.62-100. ) how values, power, rules and discretion are interconnected determines the performance of the organization and are core to bureaucratic management. Organizational structure forms in bureaucratic management a very critical role. In bureaucratic management, organizational structure is usually rigid and relations amongst workers are determined by their respective positions in the organization something which makes the style very impersonal.Bureaucracy can be said to promote and advocate for the protection of the individual from organizational discrimination something which is favorable especially due to the fac t that, too much vulnerability of a manager to the superiors in the organization may not augur well for managers. In such an environment, management is not affected by secondary factors such as ethnicity, class, gender, economic status and race as rising to such positions does not call for one to be loyal to any senior authority but rather to follow the proper and laid down organizational rules.The above is very crucial for smooth functioning of organizations and makes bureaucratic management very ideal management style. While bureaucratic management instills order and control in an organization, abuse of bureaucracy by managers is always a possibility in bureaucratic management. Although it is counterproductive, bureaucratic management can thrive where staff is keen on following the laid down procedures. Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005.99-108) argues that bureaucracy is too restrictive and rule bound although such claims have been echoed by other critics of bureaucratic manage ment who argue that the above arises due to the fact that, it is based on equality before law, ones qualifications for management positions as well as the fact that it is based on liberal norms, such as equal representation and equal opportunities for all those who qualify. In addition, modern bureaucratic management has tended to encourage gender mainstreaming in the offices.While civilization was a major catalyst for the evolution of bureaucratic management, some have questioned the claim arguing that bureaucratic management at its best fails to be responsive to the fast unfolding scenario of civilization. A major characteristic of bureaucratic management is the fact that they are rule-driven. In fact, organizations which use bureaucratic management style are known to follow properly laid down procedures for executing any function and deviation from such is detrimental and could cost the â€Å"offender his/her job†.Therefore, bureaucratic management depends on strict rule i nterpretation in order to determine what should be done and not done as well as to determine the way forward for the organization. Although there is a clear need nowadays for organizations to be market responsive, bureaucratic management rarely achieves that goal something which can explain why such organizations are fast being avoided by an increasing number of business enterprises and a quite a substantial number of public offices and departments. Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005. 56-79.) warns that the crave to migrate from bureaucratic management to other market responsive management styles may at the long run not achieve the change desired but rather serve to cause a further craving for further management reforms. He further notes that a good understanding as well as knowledge of bureaucracy is necessary if success is to be achieved in management. It’s easiness to implement stems from the fact that since it is naturally founded and deep rooted in the rule of law, it becomes easy for subjects to relate with it and therefore it naturally attracted traditional managers as the ideal type of management in most situations.On top of that, subordinates are more likely to adhere to rules and procedures under bureaucratic management because of the authority the system accords to supervisors over subordinates as compared to other systems which do not accord much power to superiors (Ackroyd, 2002. 80-123). Bureaucratic management mainly conforms to hierarchical structures which have clear defined roles and responsibilities for every single employee in an organization and hence well defined and curved out duties for every single employee.The system also encourages the adherence to rules and therefore career growth, promotions are easy to sort out as every one is often aware of all that is required by the organization in order to be promoted. Like wise, recruitment follows the traditional jobs filling methods in which superiors appoint or interview subordina tes for staffing. Bureaucratic management can cause limitation of individual’s freedom in some cases but that is necessary especially in military organizations which deal with security matters very sensitive and needing much control.Whilst bureaucratic management is grounded on principles aimed at regulating its application it at the same time causes the management to curtail freedom of worker to conduct individual affairs under the desired privacy. In bureaucratic management rules are designed to meet the wishes of the top management and subordinates are expected to comply with orders of superior authorities without questioning something which has led to many people branding the type of management as dictatorial.The fact that it emphasizes the division of businesses into hierarchical thus putting the organization under strict lines in which authority and control is the goal makes the style to loose supporters in the modern business environment. In addition bureaucratic manag ement favors a system whereby, duties, rules and procedures are generally fixed something which is fast loosing support in post bureaucratic management tradition evident in most organizations today.In bureaucratic management, a lot of emphasis is put on experience and qualifications for one to be employed and it is characterized by the supervision of lower and subordinate officers by the higher office. Bureaucratic management is monocractical while office workers or state servants are expected to follow the laid down rules (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2005. 56-79). Another major characteristic of bureaucratic management is that it is characterized by impersonal relationships amongst the workers in the organizations. It is also characterized by the formal division of labor.In the USA evidence of bureaucratic management is seen in the functioning of the government, the Department of Defense as well as in schools and large corporations. Bureaucratic management is different from othe r forms of management such as scientific management in that the latter is more concerned with the association between employees and machines. Other management theorists such as Henri Fayol advocated for administrative management in which emphasis is laid on management functions as well as the roles of managers in the functioning of organizations through the principles of management.Bureaucratic management therefore entails a system whereby the bureaucratic manager at the helm passes judgment and his/her will is followed without compromise. In bureaucratic system, the will of the boss is the authority and their words final and not subject to any challenge. Bureaucratic management does exist even in democratic environment but it calls for a careful balancing in order to achieve positive growth of organizations in terms of functionality of the different departments as well as to ensure orderliness.While bureaucratic management advocates for mandatory adherence to laid down laws and rul es as well as procedures, whenever failure to do so happens, it is met with punishments according to the laid down punishment laws. Bureaucratic management has been accused as a system which discourages one’s freedom space and also for not doing anything to tap the potential in people. Although such accusations are not necessarily true, bureaucratic management cannot be termed as good or bad but rather should be viewed as sometimes the most ideal when some situations prevail.History of bureaucratic management Bureaucratic management can be traced back to military and religious leadership which preceded the emergency of big businesses and organizations ( ). In the pre industrial era when trade was not well organized and little or no industries existed, the need for management existed. Public order was a necessity and therefore there was a need for governments to guarantee that. One method of management came to be very popular especially due to its ability to ensure the smooth running of activities.That called for establishment of law as most of the management then depended on adherence to strict and well laid out rules. Naturally only a bureaucratic management could augur well for managers who did not enjoy today’s access to management tools nor the advantage of technology un like today’s mangers and therefore bureaucratic management which puts little demands on the managers was viewed as the ideal system of management.In the 18th century, the subject of bureaucracy was studied in depth even by fathers of sociology such as Max Weber who supported its adaptation in management due to its suitability to management of large organizations. He contended that for effective management of large organizations, managers needed to be empowered and protected from environmental threats and the only way to do so was to have a management style which was simple but effective.In the 18th century, bureaucratic management gained much acceptance especially from the religious organizations, governments and military due to attributes such as the fact that it is easy to execute functions under bureaucratic management, and the belief that the system is logical as well as the fact that it advocates for procedures. The above factors were favored in order to achieve the smooth running of organizations. In terms of religion, there were in the ancient times religious clergy who due to the role they played in religious festivals were functioning in strict bureaucratic management.The development and division of society into social classes and the widening gap between state and society therefore creating the need for control, enforcement of law and order, introduction of tax collection, all this called for another group known as ‘officials’ to fill the gap of overseeing activities in both public and private business all contributed to the introduction of bureaucratic management. Post-Bureaucratic Management The twin issues of power and k nowledge management are crucial for a post-bureaucratic management system ( ).The fact that in any given organization there is quite a number of contradicting elements, such as human beings with different needs from the organization, the organizational goals which the same human beings must achieve calls for effective organizational management so as to address needs at all levels. While human beings constitute a very important part of the organization, that they must be managed in order to play their roles effectively is a fact that cannot be wished away.Human beings as a key resource in any organization must be managed in every way possible to achieve organizational goals as well as a positive organizational culture, a positive working environment and the achievement of the objectives of the organization. Characteristics of post bureaucratic management. Post bureaucratic management encourages employee participation. Post bureaucratic tradition advocates for a business environment w hereby employees are empowered to contribute in terms of ideas and skills towards the growth and development of the organization.The bureaucratic management style is considerate of the fact that, people are talented differently and rather than suppressing the potential in individuals, management is supposed to discover and nurture any special skills as well as capabilities in the workers or staff through programs such as training and refresher courses. The above is only possible in an environment whereby management encourages its employees to participate fully in the decision making process.In a modern world in which technology especially information technology and internet has changed drastically how business is carried out as well as how people interact, bureaucratic tendencies are fast becoming outdated. The above is a clear sign of a fast changing business world and this is pointing to the fact that time for post bureaucratic management tradition has come. That fact is further s trengthened in view of the concept of globalization which favors the communication structure in many organizations to shift from vertical to horizontal as time plays a crucial role in determining how profitable a company is likely to be.Team work is also another characteristic of post bureaucratic management. While most bureaucratic management systems are a one man show in that, the manager and the superiors are the brains behind every innovation the organization aims to achieve, post bureaucratic management advocates strongly for team spirit. There are numerous benefits associated with team work the most important of all is the synergetic effect that results when staff in an organization function as a whole rather than individuals.Another pointer to the fact that today’s managers have shifted from bureaucratic management to a post bureaucratic management system is the fact that most organizations have dropped the rigidness earlier associated with the decision making process as evident in bureaucratic management in favor of a more flexible decision making system. Today most organizations take less time to make decisions and resolves issues which under the bureaucratic management system would take weeks to settle.The above can be attributed to the involvement of many people in the decision making process as opposed to leaving the function of decision making and deliberations to a small clique of managers. The above coupled with the popularity of being flexible is gaining ground and many organizations are dropping that culture whereby decision making process was inflexible. Open discussion as well as deliberations of issues. In bureaucratic management, management reserves the right to discuss any issues which arise.However in post bureaucratic management, management encourages the participation of all employees in the system before any changes are incorporated. This has become very popular especially with employees as more and more feel important to the o rganization something which boosts employee motivation to work. Today that trend is evident as the use of market research as well as surveys has become very popular as management of most organizations tend to seek for the input of all employees before any major changes are instituted in the organization.It tries to nurture employees into an intellectual capital. There is a growing trend of organizations to nurture and even shop for talented employees in post bureaucratic management. This is in sharp contrast to bureaucratic management in which to fill some vacancies, one has to undergo some rigorous process in the organization so as to achieve promotions. Evidently, an organization’s culture, its systems, as well as the process of effecting change are very crucial for organizations nowadays.Therefore today’s managers play a very important role in management of organizations. While in bureaucratic management, the use of mediation apparatus, theories of management, busin ess tools, the use of decision support systems and also other tools such as white boards is not very common, in the recent times that have become a key part of management process. That is yet another pointer to the fact that, organizations are drastically shifting to post bureaucratic management tradition and practices.With analytical business tools such as SWOT analysis, balanced scorecard, porters 7 principles and PEST analysis constantly being applied by business that points to yet a drifting away pattern from bureaucratic management to post bureaucratic management. Post bureaucratic management is based in the belief that the production of knowledge is a process which can be learnt and perfected while bureaucratic management proponent believe that it production of knowledge is a social practice in which individual people performance rather than teams is more important.There is clear evidence today that, organizations are laying more importance to team work and communal spirit rat her than individual effort. Post bureaucratic management is the undisputed and ideal management system that can save organizations from the effects of today’s business challenges as well as solve and counter challenges of this global knowledge based economy in which the rate of discoveries, innovativeness and the crave to be ahead of others is forming the centre piece of organizations.The amount of administration related duties in the contemporary society is evidence enough for the continuing relevance of bureaucratic management in the post-modernism era. There is an increased relevance businesses are attaching to division of labour coupled with the growth of multinational companies with extremely enormous sales turnover. Future without Bureaucratic Management Many have experimented with the idea of a future without bureaucratic management in that there will be a minimal need for supervision due to a highly responsible and self disciplined society.Although the above argument leaves more on socialism ideals it is however a feasible possibility. Modern bureaucratic management has been applauded for being impersonal. Comparison between bureaucratic management and post bureaucratic management The advent of mass production catalyzed the introduction of post bureaucratic management due to the high demand put on the organizations in terms of production as well as the need for routines and procedures in production.The advancement of technology has led many to imagine that bureaucracy would be abandoned. However the truth of the matter is that no matter how high technology has contributed to the mechanization of production the need for workers is still very evident. This is due to the fact that still people are needed to operate the technological equipment in the design of the computer systems so central to today’s organizations as well as to oversee the process of production. Therefore, bureaucracy remains very relevant in the post-bureaucratic era.Burea ucratic management is characterized by high costs making it a less ideal management Accusations against bureaucratic management it is rigid in decision making hence slowing down the decision making process. The fact that officials feel threatened by lack of adherence to rules may affect unity of the organization as suspicion is likely to arise. Bureaucratic management has been accused of being insensitive to morals. Bureaucratic leadership does not encourage empowerment of followers.Bureaucracy leads to a lot of dependency on a few people to chart the way forward for an organisation even when it is clear that contribution of subordinates may matter. Bureaucratic management suppresses talent and while it may augur well for governments its effectiveness for private business is questionable. Bureaucratic management is accused of being inflexible and that it is argued that it would affect economic growth were it to be implemented in wholesome therefore compared to entrepreneurship and i n a capitalistic setting bureaucratic management may not be ideal in some cases.While bureaucratic management advocates for high levels of accountability, post-modernism management dwells on employee capability unlike bureaucratic management which emphasizes on employee competence. While bureaucratic management lays emphasis on age in terms of who is allocated the more complex work and is likely to be promoted, post-modernism lays more emphasis on the capability of people to analytically resolve matters inspite of experience or their age.Bureaucratic management lays emphasis on the organizational design, that is structure in terms of roles and responsibilities, on top of that, the mode adopted by an organization in as far as decision making process is concerned as well as the style of human resource management is concerned it is very rigid for bureaucratic management. The governance of human resource in post-modern management is accommodative. Post-modernism management puts a lot of emphasis in cultural relevance to organisation management but bureaucratic management comes short of this.Bureaucratic management lays emphasis on value such as responsibility, loyalty and accountability as well as adherence to fixed rules ad regulations. Bureaucratic management puts more emphasis on the existence of formal authority to superiors. Bureaucratic demands for obedience of higher authority. In bureaucratic management, emphasis is laid on the monopolization of information by the top hierarchy. Promotion process is clear, thus moving up the corporate ladder is something which follows certain pre-set patterns.The decision making process is often pegged on fixed steps. There is emphasis on equality at work, because of emphasis on vertical communication there are clear set boundaries which are very hard to break in bureaucratic management. Post-bureaucratic Management emphasizes on role of dialogue amongst people as opposed to the authority imposing their word and therefore consensus is achieved through involvement of dialogue. Unlike in bureaucratic management whereby internal trust is not critical, post-modern management thrives on high level of loyalty from subordinates.The migration from bureaucratic management has been occasioned by the introduction of market reforms. In addition, it is not easy to permeate boundaries as vertical communication is highly valued unlike in post bureaucratic management where there is a high degree of information sharing. The decision making process in post-bureaucratic management is highly flexible. Unlike in bureaucratic management in which things remain the same for long periods, in post modern management change is often welcome.Bureaucratic management has been accused of lacking in terms of motivation to employees. Conclusion From the above discussion it is evident that bureaucratic management is totally irrelevant relevant to today’s management. It has for long been used in both public and private managemen t. The major characteristics of bureaucratic management identified above are, that is highly pegged on rules and roles, adherence to strict procedures, and it is hierarchical, that it does not call for loyalty as well as the fact that it is not flexible.On the other hand post bureaucratic management is more flexible, it advocates for loyalty and internal trust, it is permeable and not rigid, it is not hierarchical and finally it encourages open discussions in as far as decision making process is concerned. References Ackroyd, S. (2002. 80-123). The Organization of Business, Oxford. OUP. Clegg, S. R. , M. Kornberger, and T. S. Pitsis (2005. 56-79). Management and Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice, London: Sage Word Count: 3,697 words. Bureaucratic Management Under industrialisation, bureaucracy was the dominant form of organisation and management. The factory was designed to produce standardised products; the bureaucracy was designed to produce standardised decisions. Many major corporations of today developed in an industrial society, based on a bureaucratic model of machine-like division of function, routine activity, regularity, seeming permanence, and a long vertical hierarchy. For a long time bureaucracy thrived in a world of mass markets, uniform goods and services, and long production lines.During the 1990’s, however, the top-down bureaucratic and authoritarian style of management began yielding to a networking style of management. Horizontal communication in a networked environment is freer and more fluid, with few bureaucratic barriers. In the new style of management, people learn from one another, peer to peer; everyone is a resource for everyone else, and each person gets support and assistance from many different direc tions.Interestingly, the corporations of today are only getting ever bigger, and yet in most of these organisations that demand more than simple mechanical work from the employees, alternatives to bureaucratic form of management are being actively explored and experimented with. Bureaucratic management is one of the three branches of the traditional approach to management. The other two are scientific management and administrative management.All the three emerged around the turn of the 20th century as theorised models. The traditional styles of management aimed at getting the organisation run like a lubricated, smooth-running machine. It may also be noted that while the first systematic theory of bureaucratic management originated from Germany, scientific management or Taylorism emerged from the United States, and the theoretical system of administrative management had its roots in France.These so-called traditional approaches to management as well as the other approaches such as be havioural approach, systems approach, contingency approach, and quality approach — all of them developed based on varying assumptions about the behaviour of people in organisations vis-a-vis the key goals of an organisation, the types of problems faced vis-a-vis the methods to reach to their solutions. All these various approaches to management have contributed in their own ways to development of modern management thought, and continue to influence managers' thinking in the modern corporate context.However, of all these traditional and non-traditional management approaches, the bureaucratic form can be considered the earliest and still the most commonly prevalent. In many ways, it is also the most outdated. Bureaucratic form of management is based on the use a set of rather rigid rules. There is a clear hierarchical order involved, an unambiguous division of labor, and a detailed system of procedures of transaction. Bureaucracy existed for centuries in different forms and in different contexts, but a word for it did not exist until the mid-18th century (Walker 2001).Coined by a French Physiocrat, ‘bureaucracy’ literally meant â€Å"government by desk. † Today, the name of Max Weber (1864 – 1920) is most closely associated with bureaucratic management. Weber did the foundational work on the development of the mechanistic industrial organisation form, the bureaucracy. He was a German social historian whose works began to be widely recognised only from the mid-twentieth century, when they were translated into English. Weber based his studies significantly on his observations of the governmental bureaucracy that existed in Germany during his time.He is today considered as one of the pioneering sociologists, and his study of bureaucracy forms part of a much wider framework of social theory that concerns general social and economic issues facing society. Weber’s concept of bureaucratic management provides a functional model o n how a large-scale organisation should operate efficiently. Weber observed parallels between the mechanisation of industry and the proliferation of machine-like bureaucratic form of organisation. He noted that the bureaucratic form routinises the process of administration exactly as the machine routinises production.This was a logical outgrowth of the thinking of the time; an industrial revolution, with mechanised productive apparatus (one form), would naturally inspire a mechanised organisation (another form) to complement it. In Weber's work we find the first comprehensive description of the bureaucratic form as one that emphasises speed, efficiency, clarity, regularity, reliability and precision. As the Industrial Revolution got underway in the United States this form was ideally suited to the situational constraints of the era (Banner 1995).For a long time now, the very word bureaucracy has had many negative connotations, but as originally envisaged by Weber, it was a strong po sitive force for bringing order and coherency into the running of an organisation, based on the cornerstones of efficiency, stability, consistency and predictability. Weber's model stipulates seven essential characteristics for a well-functioning bureaucracy. These characteristics join together to a form of management style that emphasises regulation and control, even at the cost of being rigid and non-conducive to individual initiative and innovation.These characteristics are: a formal system of rules, impersonality, division of labour, hierarchical structure, an elaborate authority structure, lifelong career commitment, and rationality (Hellriegel et al, 2005). Rules: These are formal guidelines imposing order on the activity of the employees, providing a discipline that can help an organisation to run smoothly and reach its goals. Bureaucracy is rule-based governance. It can be viewed as an institutional method for applying general rules to specific cases, in order to make the ac tions of people working in an organisation fair, equitable and predictable (Wilson 1989) .The rule of rules brings uniformity of procedures and operations, facilitating organisational stability and integrity, making the work of an organisation relatively immune to erraticness of individual behaviour of the employees or the management. Mises (1969) observes the following on the importance of rules and regulations in bureaucratic organisation: Bureaucratic management is management bound to comply with detailed rules and regulations fixed by the authority of a superior body. The task of the bureaucrat is to perform what these rules and regulations order him to do.His discretion to act according to his own best conviction is seriously restricted by them. Impersonality: This means objectivity. Employee performance is evaluated and issues are resolved in as objective manner as possible. Although this term may sound intimidating, Weber viewed the objectiveness ensuing from adherence to rul es and impersonality as essential to guarantee fairness for all employees — eliminating personal bias and favouritism from the system. Division of Labour: The overwhelming importance of this concept of course originated in economics, with Adam Smith and others, in the early nineteenth century.Division of labour promotes efficiency. A high degree of compartmentalisation of work in a precise manner enables a medium to large-scale organisation to use its workforce efficiently. Everyone is circumscribed to perform duties on the basis of his or her own field of expertise. Further, by splitting a large task into much smaller and more easily manageable parts, and assigning each part to an individual, the ease of learning and carrying out that each divided segment of the task is enhanced. At the expense of possible monotony and tedium, the principle of division emphasises efficiency and output.Narrow division of labor also makes it easier to replace the employees, especially in facto ries that involve routine, mechanical tasks. Hierarchy: The traditional pyramid-shaped hierarchical structure positions each employee at a level commensurate with the amount of authority he or she exerts in the job. This authority can be equated to the scope of decision-making power of the employees, and increases at each higher level of the pyramid. People in the higher levels direct the work of people at lower level positions.A well-defined hierarchy can bring clarity in an employee's relationship and responsibility towards his or her work as well as well as towards other employees in the organisation. Hierarchy establishes a chain of command through superior and subordinate levels, helping ensure a smooth flow of work. Hierarchy is also based on a sharp distinction between the management and the workers. Bureaucracy's fundamental tenet has been that the job of the management is to design and coordinate workers' jobs (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993).Hierarchy, like rule-orientation, divis ion and a number of other characteristics of bureaucracy, is a common feature of any social organisation and has been so throughout human history, but all these characteristics are particularly stressed upon in a bureaucratic setting within an organisation. The intensity with which these features are emphasised differentiates an organisation with a high bureaucratic structure from another with a low bureaucratic structure, which together form the two ends of a continuum.Authority Structure: This is merely another way of looking at the hierarchical nature of bureaucracy. Authority structure refers to a clear association of people and their scope of decision-making power at various levels within the organisation. The authority-structure can be based on different criteria. Weber identified three types of authority structures (Hellriegel et al, 2005): a) Traditional authority structure: This is based on custom, gender, seniority, birth order, ancestry, and so on.The succession of kings, and the authority of the king, in various cultures throughout the history of humanity, for example, was primarily based on such criteria. A king inherited and wielded power simply because it was his birthright. b) Charismatic structure: Within any group or organisation, some people can exert a predominant influence by virtue of their charisma or special talents, although technically speaking they are not superior to their co-workers. Charisma can come into play inside a bureaucratic organisation also, although mostly not as a primary determinant of leadership but a complementary one.c) Rational-legal authority: Bureaucratic organisations for the most part tend to rely on this form of authority where leadership is defined in a framework of rules and regulations. A superior's orders are complied with because of his or her position in the formal hierarchical structure of an organisation, and not because of some special abilities or privileges he or she may possess. Though authority ma y be based on a rational basis, bureaucratic management is fairly authoritarian, and many people would resent this.By its very nature, bureaucracy is a structure defined by chains of dominance and submission (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993). Lifelong Career Commitment: Traditionally, typical large-scale bureaucratic organisations emphasised stability, order and steady progress. They did not attract potential employees by offering a promise of adventure, excitement and rapid rise as many modern-day software companies are prone to do, for instance. Instead, their allure was job security together with slow and steady salary increases for deserving candidates.The opportunity for promotion is used as the main incentive to ensure that the employees perform satisfactorily. Though the notion of lifelong commitment looks completely outmoded and out of place in most modern business organisations surviving in turbulent ever-changing market conditions, it still prevails in many Japanese or South Korean organisations such as Toyota or Samsung, and can be seen in many governmental bureaucracies in the West, such as the postal service or the civil service. When an employee joins these services, virtually a permanent employee contract is being made.Rationality: It is the orderly and efficient allocation of financial and human resources to achieve the desired ends. In principle, managers operating in a bureaucratic environment are supposed to take decisions logically and scientifically. All the other characteristics of bureaucracy, such as division of labour and hierarchy, are meant to promote the element of rationality within the mechanisms and dynamics of the organisation. Rationality also implies assigning specific goals to each division of the organisation in such a manner that, working together, all these various divisions accomplish the larger goal of the organisation.Rationality, based on goal-directed activity, gives more chance for an organisation to be successful. The bureau cratic form of management is best suitable when routine or repetitive tasks need to be done in an efficient and consistent manner. Adhering to rules and regulation by the employees in performing tasks ensures quality and quantity of output. In fact, phenomenal amounts of work can be accomplished when the bureaucratic structure is effectively deployed and the management is run in a streamlined manner.But these very same aspects of bureaucratic management that can foster efficiency in one setting can lead to ponderousness and inefficiency in another. Though vertical and rigid bureaucratic structure is dismissed as a viable basis for an increasing number of vast thriving multinationals of today which put a special premium on innovation and change or adapting to change, it had indeed been adopted widely in the commercial and industrial sector until the recent decades. Max Weber viewed bureaucracy as a ‘rational' instrument for collective achievement.And even Joseph Schumpeter (188 3-1950) who was a pioneering researcher in the field of entrepreneurship, and who extensively studied the role of the entrepreneur as an innovator, defended Weber's position on bureaucracy (Wood 1991). Though Schumpeter believed that bureaucracy can lead to efficient allocation of resources, other major thinkers in this field such as Hayek and Mises rejected such a possibility. Mises (1969) held the position that bureaucratic management is â€Å"management of affairs which cannot be checked by economic calculation.† Therefore, he argued that it is only suitable for public administration and not private enterprises driven by the overriding profit motive. However, even in the conduct of public affairs, down the decades, bureaucratic style of management has become associated with maladministration, corruption, irresponsibility, wastefulness, inefficiency, slackness, tardiness, and red tape across the majority of the countries of the world. Schumpeter lauded many features of bure aucracy, but also recognized its limitations. He also commended Hayek for his presentation of dangers in bureaucratic planning and management (Wood, 1991).. Though bureaucratic management has been much maligned, and for good reasons, the fact is that many successful organisations have been successful over generations very much under tight bureaucratic patterns of organisation and control (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993). The bureaucratic management structure emerged in the most distant past of human history, from the time a higher social order emerged among clusters of people, and is still the most widely prevalent form of management, though there is a pronounced tendency to loosen its seemingly rigid grip.Karl Marx traced the origin of bureaucracy to four sources: religion, the formation of the state, commerce and technology (Wikipedia 2006). Bureaucratic structures existed in religious institutions, as those in Egypt and Greece, thousands of years ago. But bureaucracy primarily evolved as the state apparatus evolved with the growing complexity of the civil society. Over a thousand years ago, the Chinese had in place an elaborate centralised bureaucratic structure to manage the affairs of the state.In the medieval times, new administrative structures were needed to meet the growing demands made upon central government in Europe (Argyle 1994). In fact, bureaucracy was the default style of administration and management until the modern times. It was so easy and common for bureaucratic structures to prevail and proliferate because, ultimately, the top-down hierarchical pattern of management was rooted in the human psychology. But human psychology is changing. For example, for centuries, people desired to have a father-figure in the form of a king to rule and protect them.They did not consider it dehumanizing to be subjected to an arbitrary ruler. However, to the enlightened sensibilities of people during the modern epoch which can be said to have gradually emerged from the times of Renaissance and Reformation and fully flowered in the twentieth century, the notion of being ruled by a king who possessed some divine right would seem abhorrent. Similarly, being dominated by the superiors from all quarters may have been quite acceptable to the majority of employees until very recently.But workers of the â€Å"knowledge era† prefer to be individualistic, independent or working in a team of peers as far as possible. Bureaucracy flourished in an age of mechanisation, but today ideas and creativity are in high demand, and corporations find it making more economical sense than ever to nurture a work culture that is anti-bureaucratic. Bureaucracy is past-oriented in many ways, and innovation is thoroughly future-oriented. At its very root, the entrepreneurial process of innovation and change is at odds with the administrative process of ensuring repetitions of the past.Structures and practices that may work well for the perpetuation of the known are not generally conducive to the process of innovation. In their book, The End of Bureaucracy & the Rise of the Intelligent Organization, Pinchot and Pinchot (1993) note that bureaucracy is no more appropriate to the sophisticated work culture of today than serfdom was to the factory work of the early Industrial Revolution. New forms of organisation are emerging, but to sustain them in the long run is a different proposition.The mega corporations of today are intrinsically geared towards efficiency, but increasingly they will now need to also master creativity in order to survive. There is a dilemma here. Firms will not survive in the long run unless they are proficient at exploring new technologies, and they will not survive in the short run unless they are proficient at exploiting existing technologies. Herein lies a great dichotomy at the heart of modern business organisation. A dynamic balance has to be struck between a host of conflicting factors.In their constant quest for manag ing the balance between centralisation and decentralisation, between interdependence and diversity, between integration and flexibility, and between control and creativity, large organisations still manifest a strong tendency to favor efficiency and productivity gains over and above creativity and innovation (Johansen 2003). The rational-bureaucratic model of organisation still remains dominant, although there is a clear paradigm-shift in management practices.In many large organisations, which happen to be inherently bureaucratic, one would find a plethora of ideas and potential ideas that go unnoticed because there are some structural impediments to their realisation, or little or no incentive for employees to bring such ideas forth. For instance, incentive structures in large firms are designed to minimise surprises, yet innovation is inherently full of the unexpected. From a managerial point of view too, the reward system for general managers is typically based upon annual profit s or ROI of corporate resources managed.They are therefore rewarded for achieving short- rather than long-term profit. Moreover, apart from the greater inherent risks involved, the rewards associated with the profits from any longer-term, more radical innovations are unlikely to accrue to the manager originally involved in initiating a novel project, since he or she is likely to have moved on to other responsibilities before they are achieved. As such, innovative efforts often fall through the cracks inherent in most large organisations.In fact, in these organisations there could usually be strong â€Å"disincentives† for innovative activities (Martin 1997). If hierarchy was central to traditional organisation, the lack of hierarchy is central to innovative organisation. As for division of labour, Jaffee (2001) observes that, In the postbureaucratic organization, social and functional integration takes precedence over differentiation and specialization. The postbureaucratic o rganisation is much flatter , with fewer levels of managers.Most work will be horizontal knowledge work performed by multidisciplinary teams. Rather than satisfying their immediate supervisor (vertical relationship), team members concentrate on satisfying he needs of the next person in the process (horizontal relationship). Teams will be given considerable autonomy and will be expected to carry out the intent of the company's mission and vision. Project managers and network managers will replace most of the middle managers and functional staff in the traditional bureaucratic-style organisation.Companies can only succeed by tapping the talent and dedication of their people and by combining that talent and dedication in a team effort. The building of trust is emphasised in innovative enterprises. Politics, infighting, and departmental jealousies that are common features of bureaucracies are to be minimised. Leaders work hard to earn their team mates' trust and vice versa, thus creatin g conditions in which trust can flourish. In such dynamic companies, there is widespread enthusiasm, a spirit of doing whatever it takes to achieve organisational success (Martin 1997).